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People In Music History
Schoenberg, Arnold (1874-1951) Austrian-born composer who worked in Germany
and then (driven out by the Nazis as a Jew and a composer of "decadent" music)
from 1933 in the United States, thereafter changing the spelling of his name
from the original Schanberg. Died in Los Angeles. At first composed in
postromantic style (e.g., in Transfigured Night, Gurrelieder); by 1908,
however, had developed a technique of atonality (keylessness) shown, e.g., in
Pierrot Lunaire; afterward systematized this into twelve-tone technique (from
about 1923); later of great influence internationally. He himself varied in
strictness of adherence to this technique, relaxing it (i.e., admitting the
idea of key), e.g., in his late Ode to Napoleon. Several works use Speech-song,
invented by him (and also influential). Other works include opera Moses and
Aaron, monodrama Expectation (Erwartung), cantata A Survivor from Warsaw, piano
concerto, violin concerto, symphonic poem Pelleas and Melisande, 2 chamber
symphonies, 4 string quartets, various songs and piano pieces. Also writer of
textbooks on music, etc.